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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people with ADHD are prescribed medication. It can ease symptoms but it can also trigger negative side effects. Speak to your doctor when you experience any side effects. Stimulants are the most common type of prescription medication healthcare doctors prescribe to treat ADHD. These medications increase levels of brain chemicals, also known as neurotransmitters that control attention and behaviour. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate, a stimulant of first choice to treat ADHD in both children and adults, is the most commonly prescribed medication. It works by increasing the activity in brain regions that regulate attention and behavior. Methylphenidate can also be used to treat other conditions, such as narcolepsy. It may help people with narcolepsy stay awake during the day and improve their ability to concentrate and pay attention. This medication could have a high potential for abuse and is classified as to be a Schedule II drug by the US Drug Enforcement Agency. Taking this medication exactly as prescribed will reduce the risk for abuse as well as other adverse effects. Methylphenidate may cause psychotic symptoms in certain people. It can also increase the severity of behavior and tics in some people suffering from Tourette syndrome or bipolar disorder. Before beginning this medication, people with these conditions must inform their doctor. It is important to inform your doctor if you suffer from any other health concerns or are allergic to any foods or dyes (such as tartrazine, which is a yellow dye that is found in processed foods as well as some medicines or if you're taking Adhansia XR). Methylphenidate can interact with certain medications, including opioids antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, such as isocarboxazid (Marplan) and linezolid (Zyvox), methylene blue, Phenelzine (Nardil) and rasagiline (Azilect) selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam, Zelapar), or tranylcypromine (Parnate). It is also essential to stay clear of drinking alcohol or other stimulant drugs when taking methylphenidate. These drugs may cause a negative effect on your heart rate and blood pressure. The immediate-release methylphenidate tablet (Ritalin), the long-acting oral disintegrating capsule and chewable tablet (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla-XR-ODT), and the chewable tablets that have a long-acting action (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla XR-ODT) contain Phenylalanine. This can be dangerous if a genetic condition known as phenylketonuria exists. Bupropion Bupropion, an antidepressant medication, works in the brain and improves mood. It also helps reduce symptoms of ADHD. It is also used to treat depression and seasonal affective disorder (SAD) which is a kind of depression that is common in the fall and winter months. It is also used to aid people in quitting smoking by reducing nicotine cravings and withdrawal symptoms. Bupropion has been proven to reduce ADHD symptoms in adults in numerous studies. The pooled fixed effect RR for week-6 improvements (using an increase in clinical significance of 30% or greater on the CGI) is 1.14 (95%CI 0.95-1.37). For overall response, this equates to 52 percent of the bupropion-treated group and 37% of the placebo group. Bupropion may have dangerous and even life-threatening interactions if taken in conjunction with other medications. These include antidepressants and sedatives along with blood pressure medications. It can also increase the risk of seizure in people who have a history of high blood pressure or seizures. It is also contraindicated for use in people with certain medical conditions and should not be used by women who are nursing or pregnant. Bupropion is a form of brand-name drugs Wellbutrin SR and Wellbutrin XL. It is also available in the form of Zyban, Budeprion SR. Aplenzin and Forfivo XL. It is also available as a generic drug. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants (abbreviated TCAs) are a group of drugs that affect brain chemicals. They were among the first antidepressants developed. Although they aren't considered a first-line treatment for depression anymore, they may still be effective for certain people. They block the reuptakes of dopamine and serotonin, increasing their levels of availability in neurons. They also aid in reducing the symptoms of other disorders, including pain syndromes and enuresis, such as fibromyalgia and phantom leg syndrome. TCAs can be prescribed as a single or in conjunction with stimulants, and they can have a positive effect on the symptoms of ADHD. They can reduce the severity of ADHD symptoms and decrease anxiety, depression and impulsivity. Additionally, they can help manage disorders like tics, which are repeated uncontrollable movements or sounds like throat clearing or blinking. TCAs may cause adverse reactions, including dry mouth and sedation and may increase the risk of cardiovascular issues. These medications can negatively interact with other medications such as anticholinergics and should not be taken by pregnant women. They are also known to be teratogenic in animals, and can cross the placenta. If you are concerned consult your physician because there are newer antidepressants that have a lower side-effects profile. Selective serotonin inhibition of reuptake (SSRIs). The SSRIs are an antidepressant class of drugs that hinder serotonin reuptake in neurons and help increase the amount of serotonin that is available for signaling. They also reduce anxiety and decrease impulsive behavior. They are used as adhd medications because they reduce symptoms in certain people and can be helpful alongside other medications. SSRIs include fluoxetine, sertraline paroxetine and citalopram. They have linear pharmacokinetics and have a low clearance from the human body. However, they are extensively metabolized by CYP450 enzymes in the liver. This leads to varying blood concentrations. They are also prescribed to treat other disorders, including major depressive disorder, bulimia nervosa, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The SSRIs fluoxetine, escitalopram, and sertraline are able to reduce PTSD fundamental symptoms. They don't appear to be effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. SSRIs could cause a rare side effect known as sexual dysfunction. If you are thinking about taking one of these medications, it is important to speak with your doctor. A lot of people must try several different kinds of ADHD medications before settling on the one that works for them. The development and research of new medications is ongoing. It is also important to report all the medications you are taking to your healthcare provider. Selective norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) If stimulant drugs aren't effective for adults with ADHD doctors typically prescribe an antidepressant called a selective norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). These medications boost the levels of two brain chemicals, norepinephrine and serotonin. They also help improve mood and decrease depression and anxiety. The SNRIs are similar in their adverse effects as TCAs but are safer. They are utilized for many ailments like anxiety disorders, chronic pain such as fibromyalgia, as well as nerve pain. Sometimes, they are used to treat depression in addition. Examples of SNRIs include duloxetine (Cymbalta) and Venlafaxine (Effexor). These medications act by inhibiting the absorption (reuptake) of norepinephrine which is a natural process in the brain following neurotransmission. This results in a higher than normal release of norepinephrine in a phasic manner. The increase in norepinephrine levels enhances mood and focus. SNRIs aren't approved by the FDA for treating ADHD however, some doctors prescribe them as an alternative stimulant. They are typically taken as pills. However they can also be used in liquid form or as patches. The FDA approved a SNRI for oral use, called viloxazine or Qelbree to treat ADHD in adolescents and children in April 2021. It is not a controlled drug because it does not have the potential to be abused. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants that alter the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine within the brain. They are used for anxiety and depression, but they can also help manage ADHD symptoms. SNRI drugs such as duloxetine and venlafaxine have been proven in numerous studies to significantly lower scores on different ADHD questionnaires. SNRIs can increase blood pressure or interact with certain medications. Therefore, it is important to consult a physician before taking these medications. Furthermore, improperly discarded medication can harm people and animals and animals, which is why it is crucial to follow the correct disposal guidelines. SSRIs and SNRIs have not been approved by the FDA to treat ADHD However, doctors are able prescribe them without a prescription. They are safe, effective, and have fewer adverse effects than stimulants. Talk to your doctor and discuss your child's symptoms. SNRIs are not suitable for everyone. For example pregnant women or nursing should not take SNRIs, because they can pass into breast milk. They should also not be used by those with high blood pressure, liver problems, or other cardiovascular conditions. Selective dopamine Reuptake inhibitors (DARPIs) Many people suffering from ADHD discover that medication can help them improve their concentration and attention. They might also experience less behavior that is impulsive. The medication is typically combined with behavioral therapy and training, which helps people manage their symptoms. It takes time to find the right medication and dose for each person. In this period, doctors will monitor the physical reactions of patients to determine a balance between side effects and benefits. best adhd medication that stimulate the brain, like methylphenidate, boost the activity of a specific brain chemical that control memory and concentration. Although they are generally effective and safe for most people, they can also cause serious side effects, such as reduced appetite and trouble sleeping. These effects usually disappear after some weeks as your body adjusts to the medication. Non-stimulant drugs are also available for children as well as adults. They take longer to start working, but they do enhance concentration and impulse control. They could include alpha-2 adrenergic receptors (atomoxetine viloxazine) and guanfacine hydrochloride. Antidepressants are also effective for treating ADHD. They can increase the neurotransmitter norepinephrine in the brain, and aid in the impulsive behavior and depression. Bupropion, a depressant, has been prescribed to treat ADHD. It was originally prescribed “off-label” for ADHD, but drugmakers eventually came up with extended-release versions and the FDA approved it as a treatment option for this condition.